The behavior and fate of nanoparticles (NPs) in biological systems (BS) are, in the majority of cases, not studied in detail. When in contact with different NPs, cells adopt specific responses that are influenced by the particle properties (e.g. size, surface charge, stability).

Knowledge of the interactions of NPs with cells and subsequent endocytic mechanisms can open doors to exploring different microenvironments in BS and lead to the development of new “smart” nanomaterials that are stimuli-responsive and target-specific